- Give the author’s last name only without their first name or initials, then the year of publication, e.g. (Foelix, 1988) or (Brown, 2000).
- You must personally read a source before you can cite it in the text.
- If you want to use a citation you saw in another paper, you must find that original source and read it before you can cite it.
- Do not cite lecture notes, lecture guides, or field/lab manuals. If you want to include any of this material, you must find the original source (see Research > Databases), read it and then cite it.
- Direct quotes (i.e. writing out a sentence word-for-word with quotation marks) are rarely used in ecology. Instead, rewrite the idea or information with your own words. This shows the reader that you understand.
More information on paraphrasing.
